Organisational Theory And Behaviour T.n. Chhabra Pdf

Moving from the individual to the collective, this section covers sociology and social psychology.

If you manage to get your hands on the organisational theory and behaviour t.n. chhabra pdf, here is a roadmap of the knowledge you will acquire. The book is generally divided into two major parts: Organisational Theory (The structure) and Organisational Behaviour (The people).

The distinct value of T.N. Chhabra’s work lies in its approachability. Organisational Behaviour (OB) can often become mired in dense psychological jargon. Chhabra, however, simplifies these concepts without diluting their essence. The book is designed to cater to the Indian context while simultaneously drawing upon global management theories.

It creates a bridge between Organisational Theory (OT)—which deals with the structure, design, and environment of the organization—and Organisational Behaviour (OB)—which focuses on the individual and group dynamics within that structure.

Merely downloading the PDF is not enough. To extract maximum value from T.N. Chhabra’s "Organisational Theory and Behaviour," consider the following approach:

You will find many websites claiming to offer the "organisational theory and behaviour tn chhabra pdf free download." Be cautious. Many of these sites are:

T.N. Chhabra's " Organisation Theory and Behaviour is a comprehensive academic text that serves as a cornerstone for students and professionals in management, particularly within Indian universities. The book systematically explores how individuals and groups act within an organization and how the structure of that organization influences their behavior to achieve corporate goals. Core Structure and Key Concepts The text is typically divided into two major sections: Organisation Theory Organisational Behaviour Himalaya Publishing House 1. Organisation Theory

This section focuses on the "macro" level of management—the design and framework of the entity itself. Himalaya Publishing House Nature and Theory:

Covers the evolution of management thought, from classical theories (scientific management) to modern systems and contingency approaches. Organisation Structure:

Explores how to group positions into manageable units through departmentalisation

(by function, product, or location) and the importance of the span of control Authority and Delegation:

Discusses the relationship between authority and responsibility, highlighting the differences between centralized decentralized structures. 2. Organisational Behaviour (OB)

This section deals with the "micro" level, analyzing human dynamics within the workplace. Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth Individual Behaviour: Focuses on psychological determinants including personality (using models like the perception (classical and social conditioning). Motivation:

Examines early theories like Maslow’s Need Hierarchy and McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y

, alongside contemporary theories like Expectancy and Equity theory. Group Dynamics:

Investigates how teams form and function, stages of group development, and the role of power and politics in organizational settings. Leadership: Details various styles and approaches, including behavioral contingency theories

, as well as modern concepts like transformational leadership. Organization and Organizational Behaviour

T.N. Chhabra's " Organisational Theory and Behaviour " is a foundational textbook widely used in management education to bridge the gap between abstract managerial theories and the practical realities of human behavior in the workplace Core Themes and Structure

The book is typically divided into units that systematically build from individual traits to complex organizational dynamics. Key areas of focus include: Foundations of OB:

Exploring the multidisciplinary nature of the field, drawing from psychology, sociology, and political science to improve organizational effectiveness. Individual Behaviour: Analyzing how personal characteristics like personality (often referencing models like the Big Five), perception learning theories

(such as Classical Conditioning and Social Learning) dictate workplace performance. Managerial Functions:

Detailing core processes such as decision-making, leadership styles, and motivation strategies to align individual goals with organizational objectives. Group Dynamics:

Investigating how team-work, communication channels, and power structures influence the collective output of an enterprise. Organizational Processes: Covering high-level concepts like organizational culture

, conflict management, and organizational development (OD) to ensure long-term stability and growth. Why This Book is Essential

Chhabra’s work is noted for its accessible, student-friendly style that includes practical insights and case studies. It serves several critical functions for readers: Management Process And Organisational Behaviour

This story explores the practical application of organizational dynamics within a modern corporate setting. The Transformation of Zenith Corp

The hallways of Zenith Corp were once silent, save for the rhythmic clicking of keyboards and the occasional hum of the industrial printer. Under the leadership of Marcus Vane, the company operated as a classic bureaucracy. Marcus believed in the strict hierarchy and formal rules outlined in his well-worn copy of Organizational Theory and Behaviour. To him, the employees were cogs in a machine, and efficiency was the only metric that mattered.

However, productivity had begun to stall. The informal organization—the water-cooler chats and private messaging groups—was buzzing with discontent. Marcus noticed that while his charts showed perfect structural alignment, the actual output was dwindling. He realized he had focused too much on "Theory X" management, assuming his team lacked ambition and needed constant supervision.

One Tuesday, Marcus decided to pivot toward the Human Relations Movement. He called a town hall meeting, not to issue directives, but to listen. This shift in organizational culture was jarring for some, but it opened the floodgates. Sarah, a junior analyst, pointed out that the rigid departmental silos prevented creative problem-solving. She was describing a lack of organizational design flexibility.

Inspired, Marcus began implementing Job Enrichment programs. He moved away from the centralized authority model and toward empowerment, allowing teams to set their own micro-goals. He studied the Perception and Attribution of his managers, training them to recognize their biases during performance reviews to ensure equity.

As the months passed, the organizational climate shifted from one of fear to one of psychological safety. The employees weren't just working for a paycheck; they were driven by intrinsic motivation. By blending the structural rigor of classical theory with the nuanced understanding of human behavior, Marcus didn't just save Zenith Corp—he turned it into a living, breathing ecosystem where both the organization and the individual could thrive.


Blog Title: A Student’s Guide to ‘Organisational Theory and Behaviour’ by T.N. Chhabra (PDF Insights)

Published on: April 12, 2026 | Category: Management Studies

Introduction

If you are a management student, especially one pursuing a BBA or MBA in India, the name T.N. Chhabra is almost impossible to miss. For decades, his textbooks have served as the backbone for understanding how companies function from a human and structural perspective.

One book that consistently tops reading lists is Organisational Theory and Behaviour by T.N. Chhabra. A quick search for the "organisational theory and behaviour t.n. chhabra pdf" reveals just how many students are looking for a digital copy of this essential text.

But what makes this specific book so valuable? And more importantly, how should you use it to actually ace your exams and understand real-world workplaces? Let’s break it down.

What Makes Chhabra’s Approach Different?

Unlike purely Western textbooks that can sometimes feel disconnected from the Indian business environment, Chhabra strikes a perfect balance. Here is why this book remains a staple:

Core Topics Covered in the Book

When you open the contents of Organisational Theory and Behaviour, you are essentially looking at the syllabus for a standard management semester. Key sections include:

The "PDF" Question: Legal vs. Practical

Let’s address the search term directly: organisational theory and behaviour t.n. chhabra pdf.

While it is technically possible to find scanned copies or pirated PDFs floating around the internet, I strongly advise against relying on them for three reasons:

Where to Get a Legitimate Digital Copy

If you need a digital version for your tablet or laptop, don't look for a shady free PDF. Instead, try these legal sources:

How to Study This Book Effectively

Simply downloading a PDF (or buying the book) won't help you pass. Here is a study strategy:

Final Verdict

Is Organisational Theory and Behaviour by T.N. Chhabra worth your time? Absolutely. While the search for a "free PDF" is tempting, the value of a clean, legal, latest-edition copy far outweighs the risk of a broken scan.

This book is not just a guide to passing exams; it is a manual for understanding why your boss acts a certain way, why teams clash, and how companies really work.

Have you used Chhabra’s book for your management course? Which chapter did you find most useful? Let me know in the comments below. organisational theory and behaviour t.n. chhabra pdf


Disclaimer: This blog post is for educational and informational purposes. It does not host or provide links to copyrighted PDFs. Readers are encouraged to purchase textbooks legally from authorized retailers.

Organisation Theory and Behaviour " by T.N. Chhabra is an academic text covering foundational concepts in organizational management, including individual behavior, motivation, and group dynamics. The text is structured into sections covering topics like perception, learning, leadership, and organizational structure to provide a comprehensive overview.

You can purchase the full book on platforms like Amazon.in or Flipkart. Organization Behaviour by TN Chhabra 2023 | PDF - Scribd

T.N. Chhabra is a prominent author in the field of management, particularly known for textbooks that simplify complex theories for students and practitioners. His work on Organisational Theory and Behaviour

focuses on the synergy between structural systems and the human element within a workplace. Vanderbilt University

While a full "PDF" of the textbook is subject to copyright, various educational platforms like ResearchGate

host summaries, course notes, and specific chapters that reflect Chhabra's pedagogical approach. Core Themes in Chhabra’s Work

Chhabra’s approach typically bridges the gap between classical management principles and modern behavioral science. ResearchGate

Understanding Organizational Theory and Behaviour: A Comprehensive Guide

Organizational theory and behaviour is a crucial aspect of management that helps in understanding the functioning of organizations and the behaviour of individuals within them. The subject provides insights into the design, structure, and performance of organizations, as well as the interactions between individuals, groups, and the organization as a whole.

What is Organizational Theory?

Organizational theory refers to the study of the structure, design, and functioning of organizations. It examines the relationships between different components of an organization, such as individuals, groups, tasks, and technology, and how they interact to achieve organizational goals. The theory provides a framework for understanding how organizations behave, adapt, and evolve over time.

Key Concepts in Organizational Theory

Some key concepts in organizational theory include:

What is Organizational Behaviour?

Organizational behaviour refers to the study of human behaviour in organizational settings. It examines the interactions between individuals, groups, and the organization as a whole, and how these interactions affect organizational performance. The field of organizational behaviour draws on concepts from psychology, sociology, and anthropology to understand the complex dynamics of organizational life.

Key Concepts in Organizational Behaviour

Some key concepts in organizational behaviour include:

T.N. Chhabra's Contributions to Organizational Theory and Behaviour

T.N. Chhabra is a renowned expert in the field of organizational theory and behaviour. His work has focused on the application of organizational theory and behaviour to real-world problems. Chhabra's research has explored topics such as organizational design, leadership, and organizational change.

Key Takeaways from T.N. Chhabra's Work

Some key takeaways from Chhabra's work include:

Conclusion

Organizational theory and behaviour is a vital aspect of management that helps organizations achieve their goals and objectives. T.N. Chhabra's work has made significant contributions to our understanding of organizational theory and behaviour, and his insights continue to influence management practice today. By understanding the concepts and principles of organizational theory and behaviour, managers and leaders can create more effective and efficient organizations.

References

I hope this helps! Let me know if you need any further assistance.

Here is the pdf link https://www.pdfdrive.com/organizational-theory-and-behaviour-t-n-chhabra-ebook-405372.html

or you can also check https://www.academia.edu/39561442/Organizational_Theory_and_Behaviour_T_N_Chhabra_

Hope you get your pdf from here. Best of luck.

Overview

"Organizational Theory and Behaviour" by T.N. Chhabra is a comprehensive textbook that explores the fundamental concepts of organizational theory and behavior. The book provides an in-depth analysis of the structure, design, and behavior of organizations, and is suitable for students and professionals in the field of management, business, and organizational studies.

Key Features

Strengths

Weaknesses

Target Audience

Conclusion

Overall, "Organizational Theory and Behaviour" by T.N. Chhabra is a comprehensive and engaging textbook that provides a thorough introduction to the field of organizational theory and behavior. While it may have some limitations, the book is a valuable resource for anyone seeking to understand the complexities of organizational behavior and design.

Rating

Based on its content, clarity, and usefulness, I would rate this book 4 out of 5 stars.

Organisational Theory and Behaviour by T.N. Chhabra is a foundational academic text widely used in Indian management education, particularly for M.Com, MBA, and competitive exams like the IAS Mains. The book offers a comprehensive exploration of how people act within organizations and how organizational structures, in turn, influence those behaviors. Core Themes and Structure

The work is typically structured to cover the evolution of management thought alongside contemporary behavioral science. Understanding Personality in Organizations | PDF - Scribd

"Essentials of Organisational Behaviour" by Dr. T.N. Chhabra is a widely used, Indian-context textbook covering foundational, individual, and group behaviors across 24 chapters. It is tailored for business students, focusing on practical management, organizational structure, and development. For a comprehensive overview or to find the text, you can visit Amazon India's listing for the book. Basics of OB - TN Chhabra | PDF - Scribd

Understanding Organizational Theory and Behaviour: A Comprehensive Guide

Organizational theory and behaviour is a vital field of study that examines the structure, functioning, and performance of organizations. It aims to understand how organizations operate, interact with their environment, and achieve their goals. One of the most sought-after resources for studying organizational theory and behaviour is the book by T.N. Chhabra. In this article, we will provide an in-depth overview of organisational theory and behaviour, and explore the significance of T.N. Chhabra's book, available in PDF format.

What is Organisational Theory and Behaviour?

Organizational theory and behaviour is an interdisciplinary field that draws on concepts and principles from psychology, sociology, anthropology, and management. It focuses on understanding the complex dynamics of organizations, including their structure, culture, leadership, communication, motivation, and decision-making processes. The field aims to provide insights into organizational effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability.

Key Concepts in Organisational Theory and Behaviour

Some of the key concepts in organisational theory and behaviour include:

T.N. Chhabra's Book: A Comprehensive Resource

T.N. Chhabra's book on organisational theory and behaviour is a widely acclaimed resource for students, researchers, and practitioners. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the field, covering topics such as:

Why is T.N. Chhabra's Book Popular?

T.N. Chhabra's book is popular among students and practitioners for several reasons:

Benefits of Studying Organisational Theory and Behaviour

Studying organisational theory and behaviour offers several benefits, including:

Conclusion

Organisational theory and behaviour is a vital field of study that offers insights into the complex dynamics of organizations. T.N. Chhabra's book is a comprehensive resource that provides a thorough overview of the field, covering key concepts, theories, and practices. The book's popularity stems from its clear and concise writing style, comprehensive coverage, and relevant examples and case studies. By studying organisational theory and behaviour, individuals can develop a deeper understanding of organizational dynamics, enhance their decision-making skills, and become effective leaders and managers.

Download T.N. Chhabra's Book in PDF Format

For those interested in downloading T.N. Chhabra's book in PDF format, several online platforms offer this resource. However, ensure that you access the book from a legitimate source to avoid any copyright or piracy issues.

Future Research Directions

Future research in organisational theory and behaviour should focus on emerging trends and challenges, such as:

By exploring these research directions, scholars and practitioners can advance the field of organisational theory and behaviour, and contribute to the development of more effective and sustainable organizations.

Book Review:

Title: Organisational Theory and Behaviour Author: T.N. Chhabra Format: PDF

Overall Rating: 4/5

Review:

The book "Organisational Theory and Behaviour" by T.N. Chhabra is a comprehensive resource that provides an in-depth analysis of organisational theory and behaviour. The book is well-structured and covers a wide range of topics, including organisational design, organisational change, motivation, leadership, and group dynamics.

The author has done a commendable job of presenting complex concepts in a clear and concise manner, making it easy for readers to understand and apply the theories in practical settings. The book is replete with examples, case studies, and illustrations that help to reinforce the concepts and make them more relatable.

One of the strengths of this book is its ability to bridge the gap between theoretical concepts and practical applications. The author has drawn on a wide range of sources, including research studies, to provide a robust foundation for the theories and concepts presented.

The PDF format of the book makes it easily accessible and convenient to carry around. The text is well-formatted, and the tables, figures, and diagrams are clear and easy to read.

Pros:

Cons:

Target Audience:

This book is an excellent resource for:

Recommendation:

Overall, I would recommend "Organisational Theory and Behaviour" by T.N. Chhabra to anyone seeking a thorough understanding of organisational theory and behaviour. While the book may have some limitations, its strengths make it a valuable resource for students, managers, and practitioners alike.

Rating Breakdown:

I can’t help find or provide copyrighted PDFs. I can:

Which would you like?

Highly regarded for its academic rigour and practical relevance, T.N. Chhabra's Organisational Theory and Behaviour

is a foundational text widely used in Indian universities and management courses. It is praised for bridging complex theoretical frameworks with real-world applications. Core Themes and Content

The book examines how people interact within organisations across three levels of analysis: individual, group, and organisational system.

Individual Behaviour: Focuses on personality traits (like the Big Five), attitudes, perception, and learning processes.

Group Dynamics: Explores teamwork, conflict resolution, and communication styles.

Organisational Systems: Discusses structural design, organizational culture, ethics, and change management.

Management Frameworks: Covers foundational theories like Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and McGregor’s Theory X and Y, as well as modern systems and contingency approaches. Critical Review and Reception Basics of OB - TN Chhabra | PDF - Scribd

Overview

The book "Organizational Theory and Behaviour" by T.N. Chhabra is a comprehensive textbook that explores the fundamental concepts of organizational theory and behavior. The book is designed for students of management, organizational behavior, and related fields. It provides an in-depth analysis of the structure, processes, and behavior of organizations, with a focus on the Indian context.

Content Review

The book is divided into 17 chapters, which can be broadly categorized into three parts:

Key Concepts and Features

Some of the key concepts and features of the book include:

Strengths

Some of the strengths of the book include:

Weaknesses

Some of the weaknesses of the book include:

Conclusion

Overall, "Organizational Theory and Behaviour" by T.N. Chhabra is a comprehensive textbook that provides a thorough introduction to organizational theory and behavior. The book's focus on the Indian context and its clear writing style make it a useful resource for students and practitioners in India. However, the book may not cover recent developments in the field, and its lack of critical perspective may limit its usefulness for readers who are looking for a more nuanced understanding of the subject.

Rating

Based on the review, I would rate the book 4 out of 5 stars. The book's comprehensive coverage, relevance to the Indian context, and clear writing style make it a useful resource for students and practitioners. However, its limited focus on recent developments and lack of critical perspective prevent it from being a 5-star book.

Recommendation

I would recommend "Organizational Theory and Behaviour" by T.N. Chhabra to:

However, I would not recommend the book to: Moving from the individual to the collective, this

Organisational Theory and Behaviour by Dr. T.N. Chhabra is a comprehensive academic text designed to help students understand the complex dynamics of human behavior in a professional setting. The book is widely used in business management programs, including Delhi University's commerce and business administration curriculum. Core Structure and Units

The text typically contains 24 chapters organized into six key units, following a logical progression from the individual level to broader organizational processes:

Unit 1: Concepts and Models: An introduction to the foundations of Organisational Behaviour (OB) and the various theoretical models used to analyze it.

Units 2–4: Behavioral Levels: These units focus on individual behavior (personality, perception, learning), interpersonal behavior (communication, leadership), and group behavior (team dynamics, group formation).

Unit 5: Dynamics of OB: This covers the fluid aspects of organizations, such as organizational culture, conflict management, and stress.

Unit 6: Miscellaneous Topics: Includes advanced topics like Organisational Development (OD), effectiveness, and specific organizational theories. Key Concepts Covered

The book delves into several critical pillars of management:

Leadership and Power: Detailed analysis of leadership styles (behavioral and situational) and how leaders influence subordinates to align with organizational goals.

Motivation: Examination of major theories such as Maslow's Need Hierarchy, Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, and Vroom’s Expectancy model.

Perception and Attitudes: Insights into how individuals interpret sensory information and how internal factors like biases and stereotypes shape workplace judgment.

Organizational Structure: How roles, authority, and communication channels are formally divided and coordinated to achieve common goals. Access and Resources

While the full copyrighted book may not be legally available for free download as a complete PDF, summaries, course notes, and preview versions are often hosted on academic and document-sharing platforms: Organization Behaviour by TN Chhabra 2023 | PDF - Scribd

T.N. Chhabra's "Organisational Theory and Behaviour" is a cornerstone text for management students and professionals, particularly within the Indian academic context. Published by Sun India Publications, this comprehensive work explores how individuals, groups, and structures interact to influence organizational effectiveness. Core Themes of the Text

The book is structured to provide a multi-level analysis of behavior, moving from the individual to the entire organization.

Individual Behaviour: Focuses on psychological factors such as personality traits (including the Big Five model), perception, and learning.

Group Dynamics: Investigates how teams function, interpersonal relationships, and the role of leadership in inducing cooperation.

Organizational Systems: Examines structure, design, and power dynamics that shape the broader workplace environment. Key Concepts Covered

Chhabra integrates classical theories with modern management practices to offer a balanced perspective.

Essentials of organisational behaviour : t n chhabra - Amazon.in

While a single "report" document by T.N. Chhabra on this topic isn't a standard standalone publication, his extensive work in Organisational Theory and Behaviour

is widely available through various academic summaries and book excerpts in PDF format.

His work typically explores the intersection of management theory and human psychology, focusing on how individual and group dynamics impact organizational success. ResearchGate Key Themes in Chhabra’s Organizational Theory

Based on academic materials and document previews, his framework centers on several "interesting" core pillars: The Big Five Personality Model

: Chhabra defines personality as a set of traits that form an individual's impression on others. He emphasizes the Big Five model

(extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness) to help managers understand employee behavior. Leadership as a Driving Force

: He describes leadership as the "mechanism to convince workers about the need for change." His reports highlight that a good leader achieves maximum cooperation by providing two-way communication and building employee morale. Organizational Structure and Design

: His theory examines how structure affects behavior at all levels. For instance, he discusses how decentralization span of control

are critical for creating an "ideal" organizational design that aligns with both internal and external contingency factors. The Global Village Concept

: Chhabra notes that organizations are no longer constrained by national borders. He argues that managing workforce diversity

(gender, race, and ethnicity) positively increases creativity and innovation. Accessing PDF Resources

You can find specific chapters and study notes related to his "Management Process and Organisational Behaviour" on platforms like or educational repositories like , which host detailed summaries of his theories. Organization Behaviour by TN Chhabra 2023 | PDF - Scribd

Introduction

Organizational Theory and Behaviour is a vital aspect of management studies that helps in understanding the behavior of individuals and groups within an organization. The book "Organizational Theory and Behaviour" by T.N. Chhabra provides a comprehensive overview of the concepts, theories, and practices of organizational behavior. This essay aims to provide a critical review of the book and its relevance to the field of management.

Overview of Organizational Theory and Behaviour

Organizational Theory and Behaviour is a multidisciplinary field that draws on concepts from psychology, sociology, anthropology, and management. It focuses on understanding the behavior of individuals and groups within an organization, and how they interact with each other to achieve organizational goals. The book by T.N. Chhabra provides a detailed analysis of the various theories and models of organizational behavior, including classical, neoclassical, and modern theories.

Key Concepts and Theories

The book covers various key concepts and theories of organizational behavior, including:

Organizational Behaviour Models

The book also discusses various organizational behavior models, including:

Relevance to Management Practice

The concepts and theories discussed in the book have significant relevance to management practice. Understanding organizational behavior is essential for managers to effectively manage and motivate employees, improve communication, and achieve organizational goals. The book provides insights into the various factors that influence organizational behavior, such as leadership, motivation, and communication.

Conclusion

In conclusion, "Organizational Theory and Behaviour" by T.N. Chhabra provides a comprehensive overview of the concepts, theories, and practices of organizational behavior. The book is a valuable resource for students and practitioners of management, as it provides insights into the various factors that influence organizational behavior. The concepts and theories discussed in the book have significant relevance to management practice, and can be applied to improve organizational effectiveness.

References

Chhabra, T.N. (2019). Organizational Theory and Behaviour. Delhi: Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company.


While the search for "organisational theory and behaviour t.n. chhabra pdf" starts with a desire for a file, it ends with the need for knowledge. T.N. Chhabra’s work is not merely a textbook to be downloaded and forgotten; it is a manual for managing human beings in a structured environment.

Whether you are preparing for your semester exams, an MBA entrance interview, or a managerial promotion—investing time in this material yields high returns. If you cannot find a free PDF legally, consider the nominal price of the ebook as an investment in your career. After all, understanding why people behave the way they do at work is the secret weapon of every successful leader.

Call to Action: Have you used T.N. Chhabra’s book in your course? Which chapter helped you the most? Share your experience in the comments below. If you need a study guide for a specific chapter (like Leadership or Motivation), let me know—I will break it down for you.


Disclaimer: This article does not host or provide direct download links to copyrighted PDFs. It encourages readers to obtain the material through legal channels to respect the intellectual property of the author and publisher.

"Organisational Theory and Behaviour" by T.N. Chhabra and B.P. Singh is a prominent Indian academic text covering human behavior, motivation, and organizational structure for commerce and management students. The text, often published by Sun India Publications, features detailed modules on individual, group, and organizational levels of analysis. While full PDF versions are generally not available for free, partial previews, summaries, and updated editions can be found on platforms like Scribd and Amazon. TN Chhabra Ob | PDF - Scribd


If the PDF proves hard to find legally, the 7th, 8th, or 9th edition paperback is incredibly affordable on secondary markets (eBay, Amazon Renewed, or local campus bookstores). Often, a used physical book costs less than a coffee and serves as a better study aid than a screen. Blog Title: A Student’s Guide to ‘Organisational Theory