Malayalam cinema is not just entertainment — it’s a living archive of Kerala’s social evolution. From feudal anxiety to Gulf dreams, from matrilineal memories to digital alienation, its films offer one of the world’s most grounded, humanist, and intellectually honest national cinemas. Start with the new wave, then work backwards to Adoor and M.T. — you’ll discover a culture that thinks, questions, and feels through its stories.
Malayalam cinema, also known as Mollywood, is a powerhouse of storytelling rooted in the southern Indian state of Kerala. It is globally celebrated for its realistic narratives, social commentary, and technical excellence. 📽️ Core Identity and History The industry began with J.C. Daniel
, widely recognized as the father of Malayalam cinema for producing the first silent film in Kerala.
Golden Age: The 1970s and 1980s are often called the golden age of the industry, characterized by relatable themes and the rise of avant-garde pioneers. The "Big Ms": Icons like and
have dominated the industry for decades, known for their incredible range and acting depth.
Literary Roots: Unlike many other regional industries, Malayalam films are frequently adapted from or inspired by high-quality literature. 🎭 Cultural Connection
Cinema in Kerala is more than entertainment; it is a mirror of society. Films often explore the nuances of Malayalam culture, including festivals, family dynamics, and local politics.
Realism: Malayalam films often avoid excessive melodrama in favor of "slice-of-life" storytelling.
Social Reflection: Directors frequently use the medium to address complex topics. For example, academic discussions have explored how comedy in Malayalam films can reflect political and social abjection within the state. Linguistic Pride: Titles like Aana Alaralodalaral
showcase the rhythmic complexity of the language through playful tongue twisters. 🌟 Modern Evolution (New Gen Cinema)
The current era, often called "New Gen," focuses on experimental formats and urban themes, moving away from traditional hero-centric formulas.
Malayalam Film Industry: History, Evolution, And Trends - Ftp
The Vibrant World of Malayalam Cinema and Culture
Malayalam cinema, also known as Mollywood, is a thriving film industry based in Kerala, India. With a rich history spanning over a century, Malayalam cinema has evolved into a unique and vibrant entity that reflects the state's culture, traditions, and values. In this article, we will delve into the world of Malayalam cinema and culture, exploring its history, notable filmmakers, iconic films, and the impact it has had on Indian cinema as a whole.
Early Days of Malayalam Cinema
The journey of Malayalam cinema began in 1928 with the release of the film "Bali," directed by G. R. Rao. However, it was not until the 1950s that Malayalam cinema started to gain momentum. The first Malayalam talkie, "Baalaan," was released in 1948, but it was the film "Nirmala" (1948) that marked the beginning of a new era in Malayalam cinema. The 1950s and 1960s saw the emergence of a new generation of filmmakers who sought to create films that were rooted in Kerala's culture and traditions.
The Golden Age of Malayalam Cinema
The 1970s and 1980s are often referred to as the Golden Age of Malayalam cinema. This period saw the rise of filmmakers like Adoor Gopalakrishnan, K. S. Sethumadhavan, and I. V. Sasi, who created films that were not only critically acclaimed but also commercially successful. Films like "Adoor" (1961), "Nishant" (1975), and "Makkhe" (1977) showcased the complexities of human relationships and the struggles of everyday life in Kerala.
Notable Filmmakers and Actors
Malayalam cinema has been blessed with some remarkable filmmakers and actors who have made significant contributions to the industry. Adoor Gopalakrishnan, a pioneer of Malayalam cinema, is known for his thought-provoking films like "Swayamvaram" (1972) and "Mathilukal" (1989). Other notable filmmakers include K. S. Sethumadhavan, I. V. Sasi, and Amal Neerad.
The industry has also produced talented actors like Mohanlal, Mammootty, and Dulquer Salmaan, who have become household names not only in Kerala but also across India. Mohanlal, in particular, is revered as one of the finest actors in Indian cinema, known for his versatility and range in films like "Papanasam" (1986) and "Innerspace" (2015).
Iconic Films and Their Impact
Malayalam cinema has produced several iconic films that have had a lasting impact on Indian cinema. "Swayamvaram" (1972), directed by Adoor Gopalakrishnan, was one of the first Malayalam films to gain international recognition. The film "Nishant" (1975), also directed by Adoor, was a powerful critique of the feudal system in Kerala.
Other iconic films include "Mammootty's" (1986) "Papanasam," which explored the complexities of human relationships, and "Innerspace" (2015), which pushed the boundaries of storytelling in Malayalam cinema.
Cultural Significance of Malayalam Cinema
Malayalam cinema is deeply rooted in Kerala's culture and traditions. The industry has played a significant role in shaping the state's cultural identity, reflecting its values, customs, and traditions. Malayalam films often explore themes related to Kerala's history, folklore, and mythology, making them an integral part of the state's cultural heritage.
The industry has also contributed to the preservation and promotion of Kerala's art forms, such as Kathakali, Koothu, and Ayurveda. Films like "Bharatham" (1991) and "Kuttanadintey Kannadi" (1992) showcased the beauty and richness of Kerala's art forms.
Influence on Indian Cinema
Malayalam cinema has had a significant influence on Indian cinema as a whole. The industry's emphasis on realistic storytelling, nuanced characterizations, and socially relevant themes has inspired filmmakers across India. Bollywood filmmakers like Rajkumar Hirani and Anurag Kashyap have cited Malayalam films as an inspiration for their work.
The industry's focus on content-driven films has also led to a shift in the way Indian cinema is perceived globally. Malayalam films like "Take Off" (2017) and "Sudani from Nigeria" (2018) have gained international recognition, showcasing the diversity and richness of Indian cinema.
Contemporary Malayalam Cinema
Contemporary Malayalam cinema continues to evolve, with a new generation of filmmakers pushing the boundaries of storytelling and filmmaking. The rise of independent cinema in Kerala has led to a surge in innovative films that explore new themes and narratives.
Films like "Rima" (2015), "Angamaly Diaries" (2017), and "Sudani from Nigeria" (2018) have gained critical acclaim and commercial success, showcasing the diversity and creativity of contemporary Malayalam cinema.
Conclusion
Malayalam cinema and culture are intricately linked, reflecting the state's rich history, traditions, and values. From its early days to the present, Malayalam cinema has evolved into a vibrant and dynamic entity that continues to inspire and influence Indian cinema. The industry's emphasis on realistic storytelling, nuanced characterizations, and socially relevant themes has made it a significant player in the Indian film industry.
As Malayalam cinema continues to grow and evolve, it is clear that its impact will be felt not only in Kerala but also across India. The industry's commitment to preserving and promoting Kerala's culture and traditions ensures that its legacy will endure for generations to come.
Key Takeaways
Recommendations for Further Reading
Watch These Malayalam Films
Malayalam cinema, often called Mollywood, is a vibrant industry from the Indian state of Kerala, celebrated globally for its grounded realism, intellectual depth, and sophisticated storytelling. Unlike other regional industries that often rely on "larger-than-life" spectacle, Malayalam cinema is deeply rooted in the local socio-political fabric and the high literacy culture of Kerala. A Legacy of Literary Depth
The industry's identity is inseparable from Kerala's rich literary tradition. For decades, cinema served as a bridge for literature, with many early masterpieces being adaptations of celebrated novels and short stories. The Silent Era (1928-1938): Initiated by J.C. Daniel with Vigathakumaran
(1928), the industry was born from a desire to capture local life on screen.
The Golden Age (1960s-1980s): This period saw the rise of legendary filmmakers like Adoor Gopalakrishnan and G. Aravindan
, who introduced "art-house" sensibilities to a wide audience, focusing on complex human emotions and social issues. The "New Generation" Resurgence
In the early 2010s, a "New Generation" movement transformed the industry by dismantling formulaic "superstar" templates in favor of ensemble casts and contemporary urban sensibilities. Realistic Slang and Slang: Contemporary films like Maheshinte Prathikaram or Premalu
embrace authentic regional dialects rather than standardized language, making them feel profoundly intimate and real.
Global Techniques on Local Budgets: Despite working with smaller budgets than Bollywood, the industry is a pioneer in technical finesse, using minimalist visual effects and innovative cinematography to enhance narrative depth.
Malayalam cinema, often called "Mollywood," is more than just a regional film industry; it is a mirror reflecting the evolving social, political, and cultural identity of Kerala. Renowned for its realistic storytelling, technical finesse, and deep roots in literature, the industry has consistently bridged the gap between commercial appeal and artistic integrity. The Historical Foundation The journey of Malayalam cinema began with J.C. Daniel
, considered the father of the industry, who directed the silent film Vigathakumaran in 1928. The first "talkie,"
, followed in 1938, marking the true birth of the audible Malayalam cinematic voice. In its early decades, the industry was heavily influenced by Keralite social reform movements and classical literature, often focusing on issues like caste discrimination and rural poverty. A Mirror to Society and Culture
Cinema in Kerala has always been deeply intertwined with the state's unique sociocultural landscape:
Social Realism: Unlike many Indian film industries that favor high-budget spectacle, Malayalam cinema is celebrated for its grounded narratives. Films often explore the nuances of middle-class life, family dynamics, and local politics. The Golden Age of the 1980s:
This era saw a surge in "laughter-films" (chirippadangal), where comedy became a primary narrative driver rather than just a subplot. Directors like Sathyan Anthikad Priyadarshan
popularized relatable, humorous stories that remain cultural touchstones today.
Literary Roots: Many of the industry’s greatest works are adaptations of famous Malayalam novels and short stories, ensuring a high standard of screenplay and character depth. Modern Evolution and "New Wave"
In the last decade, a "New Wave" of filmmakers has revolutionized the industry. These creators prioritize raw realism and experimental storytelling, often challenging traditional norms:
Deconstructing Masculinity: Modern classics like Kumbalangi Nights
(2019) have gained international acclaim for subverting the "toxic masculinity" and patriarchal structures often celebrated in older "superstar" films.
Global Reach: With the rise of streaming platforms, Malayalam films like Drishyam 2 and
have reached a global audience, proving that hyper-local stories have universal emotional resonance. Cultural Impact
Cinema serves as a vital tool for imagining and reimagining "Malayaliness". It captures the shifts from agrarian traditions to a modern, migrant-heavy society, documenting the aspirations and anxieties of the Malayali people. By blending intellectual rigor with popular entertainment, Malayalam cinema continues to be one of India’s most influential cultural exports.
The monsoon arrived in Kerala not with a whisper, but with the roar of a thousand furious deities. It tore through the coconut palms in Thiruvananthapuram, turning the red laterite roads into ribbons of slippery clay.
Inside the dimly lit projection room of the Sree Padmanabha Swamy Theatre, Rajan Master watched the rain through a pane of cracked glass. He was sixty, with a face lined like the bark of an old teak tree, and hands that smelled perpetually of machine oil and talcum powder.
Below him, the evening show was playing. It wasn’t a new film. It was a restored print of Elippathayam (The Rat Trap). Rajan didn't expect a full house for a 1981 art-house film, but as he looked through the little glass window into the auditorium, he saw every seat occupied.
Among them was a young woman named Meera. She sat in the third row, clutching a leather satchel, completely still. To Meera, who had spent the last three years in the sterile, glass-and-steel coding hubs of Bangalore, this theater was a pressure cooker of raw culture. She had come home exhausted, her spirit frayed by the alienation of the metropolis. Her mother had told her, "Go to the Sree Padmanabha. Let the celluloid bleed a little."
On screen, the protagonist Unni moved like a ghost through his decaying ancestral home, trapped by tradition, unable to step into the modern world. The camera lingered on the shadows, the brass lamps, the damp walls. There was no background music, only the haunting sounds of the house—the creak of wood, the chirp of crickets, the dripping of water.
Meera realized she wasn't just watching a movie; she was watching the interior landscape of her own grandparents' home, a world she had willingly abandoned for air-conditioned efficiency. The Malayalam cinema of this era didn't just tell stories; it held up a mirror to the socio-economic anxieties of a society transitioning from agrarian slow-living to modern reality. It was a mirror that was often uncomfortable, but always deeply empathetic.
Suddenly, a violent gust of wind hit the theater. The power grid, overworked by the storm, tripped. The projector halted with a loud clatter. The screen went black.
A collective groan rose from the audience, followed by the immediate, chaotic symphony of a hundred smartphones unlocking, their blue-white screens lighting up the dark hall like a swarm of fireflies. The illusion was broken. The modern world had crashed the party.
Rajan Master sighed, wiping his brow. He grabbed his heavy torch and stepped out into the aisle. "Ente penkuttikal, ente pengal, sukham alle?" (My children, my girls, are you comfortable?) his voice boomed over the murmurs, using the familiar, slightly paternal address inherent to Malayali culture. "The rain has played a trick on us. Give me five minutes."
He walked down to the generator room at the back of the building, a space that smelled of diesel and damp earth. As he was yanking the starter cord, he heard a voice behind him.
"Can I help?"
It was Meera. She had left her satchel behind.
"It's an old diesel engine, molu (little one)," Rajan said, wiping his hands. "It needs muscle, not algorithms."
"I have muscle," Meera said, rolling up the sleeves of her kurta. "And I know engines. My grandfather had a Country Motor boat in Alappuzha."
Rajan raised an eyebrow but stepped aside. Meera examined the choke and the fuel valve, adjusted the air filter, and braced her foot against the frame. With a sharp, practiced pull, the engine roared to life, shuddering violently before settling into a rhythmic, thumping hum. The lights in the theater flickered, then held.
Rajan looked at her with newfound respect. "You are a Malayali, wherever you go." Malayalam cinema is not just entertainment — it’s
They walked back to the projection room together. "Why are you watching this old film?" Rajan asked, threading the film back to the exact frame where it had stopped. "Usually, it's only old men like me who come to see Adoor Gopalakrishnan's work."
"I came because I felt like I was losing my language," Meera admitted, watching the spinning reels. "Not just Malayalam, but the language of my people. In Bangalore, everything is fast. There is no time for pauses. But this film... it speaks in pauses. It understands kshama (patience)."
Rajan Master smiled, the wrinkles around his eyes deepening. "That is the secret of our culture, Meera. We are a people born of water. Rivers don't rush; they meander. They gather silt, they nourish the land, they flood when they must, but they always take their time. Our cinema used to be like that. We didn't have heroes who could fly. We had men who couldn't cross a threshold."
He flipped a switch. The projector whirred back to life.
"Go back to your seat," Rajan said. "The rain is almost over."
Meera returned to the auditorium. The blue glow of the smartphones had vanished, put away by an unspoken, collective agreement. The audience had re-immersed themselves in the darkness, ready to surrender to the slow burn of the narrative on screen.
As the film reached its poignant conclusion—the final, devastating image of Unni trapped like a rat in his own world—Meera felt a strange, heavy peace settle over her. It wasn't a depressing peace, but a clarifying one. She understood now that the friction she felt wasn't between her job and her home, but between rushing and flowing.
When the credits rolled, the audience didn't immediately rush for the exits. In true Malayali fashion, there was a moment of lingering silence, a collective digesting of the experience, before the steady patter of applause began.
Outside the theater, the rain had stopped. The air smelled of washed earth, crushed cardamom from a nearby chai stall, and jasmine.
Meera bought two cups of strong, black chai from a vendor. She walked back to the projection booth and handed one up to Rajan Master, who was carefully cleaning the lenses.
"Enthu cheythu? (How was it?)" he asked, taking the steaming cup.
"It was exactly what I needed," she said. "I think I'll stay a few more weeks before going back."
Rajan took a sip, the sweet bitterness of the tea warming him. "Good. The lush greenery is coming out tomorrow. Go to Kovalam. Watch the sea. Remember that the waves pull back, but they always return."
Meera smiled, pulling her shawl tighter against the post-rain chill. As she walked down the road, her phone buzzed with notifications from her corporate chat groups. She looked at the screen, slipped the phone deep into her pocket, and continued walking, letting the rhythm of her footsteps match the slow, eternal heartbeat of the Kerala rain.
Malayalam cinema has globally distinct action sequences. Unlike the wire-fu of Hong Kong or the slo-mo of Hollywood, the Malayali action hero often fights with a raw, grounded brutality. This draws directly from Kalaripayattu, the ancient martial art of Kerala.
Films like Pallan (controversial but visceral) and Thallumaala redefined action by turning it into a rhythmic, almost chaotic dance of strikes and blocks. The culture views physical prowess not as brute strength, but as discipline. The famous actor Mohanlal, a master of Kalaripayattu, brings this traditional fluidity to his roles. The "mass" moment in a Malayalam film isn't a man flying through the air; it is a man standing his ground with a curved urumi (sword) while the world collapses around him.
Malayalam cinema, based in Kerala, is widely regarded as the most innovative and content-driven film industry in India. It has moved beyond its "parallel cinema" roots to become a mainstream force known for realistic storytelling, technical brilliance, and a strong emphasis on screenplay.
Key Defining Characteristics:
Recent Evolution (2010s–Present): The "New Generation" Wave A watershed moment was Dileesh Pothan's Maheshinte Prathikaaram (2016). It ushered in an era of "hyper-realistic" small-town stories, deadpan humour, and natural lighting. This wave has gained international acclaim:
Introduction to Malayalam Cinema
Malayalam cinema, also known as Mollywood, has a rich history dating back to the 1920s. The industry has produced many critically acclaimed films that have gained national and international recognition. Malayalam cinema is known for its:
Notable Directors and Films
Some influential Malayalam directors and their notable films:
Some iconic films:
Popular Genres and Themes
Malayalam cinema explores various genres and themes:
Cultural Significance and Traditions
Malayali culture is shaped by its rich history, literature, music, and art:
Influential Personalities
Some notable Malayali personalities:
Festivals and Events
Some significant festivals and events:
Getting Started with Malayalam Cinema
To explore Malayalam cinema:
Language and Cultural Tips
To appreciate Malayalam culture:
This guide provides a starting point for exploring Malayalam cinema and culture. Enjoy your journey into the rich and vibrant world of Mollywood!
The Vibrant World of Malayalam Cinema and Culture Recommendations for Further Reading
Malayalam cinema, also known as Mollywood, is a thriving film industry based in Kerala, India. With a rich cultural heritage and a history spanning over a century, Malayalam cinema has evolved into a distinct entity, showcasing the unique traditions, values, and experiences of the Malayali people. In this feature, we'll delve into the fascinating world of Malayalam cinema and culture, exploring its history, notable filmmakers, and iconic films, as well as the cultural nuances that make it so distinctive.
A Brief History of Malayalam Cinema
The first Malayalam film, "Balan," was released in 1938, marking the beginning of a new era in Kerala's entertainment industry. Initially, Malayalam films were influenced by Indian cinema, but over time, they developed a unique style, reflecting the state's cultural identity. The 1950s and 1960s saw the rise of social dramas, which tackled complex issues like poverty, inequality, and social injustice. The 1970s and 1980s witnessed the emergence of a new wave of filmmakers, known as the "New Wave Cinema," who experimented with innovative storytelling and themes.
Notable Malayalam Filmmakers
Iconic Malayalam Films
Cultural Nuances of Malayalam Cinema
Malayalam cinema is characterized by its:
The Cultural Significance of Onam
Onam, a harvest festival celebrated in Kerala, holds immense cultural significance in Malayalam cinema. Many films feature Onam as a pivotal element, showcasing the state's rich traditions and cultural heritage. Onam is a symbol of unity, prosperity, and the harvest season, and its depiction in films serves as a reminder of the importance of preserving cultural traditions.
The Influence of Kathakali and Ayurveda
Kathakali, a traditional dance-drama form, and Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, have had a significant impact on Malayalam cinema. Many films incorporate elements of Kathakali and Ayurveda, reflecting the state's rich cultural heritage and its emphasis on holistic well-being.
Conclusion
Malayalam cinema and culture are intricately linked, reflecting the unique traditions, values, and experiences of the Malayali people. From its early days to the present, Malayalam cinema has evolved, showcasing the state's rich cultural heritage and its diverse storytelling traditions. With its realistic storytelling, socially conscious themes, and humor, Malayalam cinema continues to captivate audiences worldwide, offering a glimpse into the vibrant world of Kerala's culture and traditions.
Malayalam cinema, often called "Mollywood," serves as a dynamic mirror to the unique socio-cultural landscape of Kerala. To develop a paper on this topic, you should focus on how the industry balances high artistic standards with commercial viability while addressing complex social themes. 🎬 Thesis Statement
Malayalam cinema distinguishes itself from other Indian film industries by prioritizing realistic narratives, literary adaptations, and social critique, thereby acting as both a preserver of traditional Kerala values and a catalyst for progressive cultural change. 🏗️ Paper Outline 1. Introduction: The Roots of Mollywood The Pioneer: Discuss J.C. Daniel and the first film, Vigathakumaran (1928).
Cultural Context: Explain how Kerala’s high literacy rates and political consciousness shaped early audience expectations. 2. The Golden Age of Realism (1980s–1990s)
Script-Driven Cinema: Highlight the influence of legendary writers like M.T. Vasudevan Nair and Padmarajan.
Middle-Class Struggles: Explore how films depicted the everyday lives of Malayalis, moving away from the "superhero" tropes common in other industries.
Laughter-Films: Note the rise of the "chirippadangal" (comedy films) that reshaped Malayali masculinity through humor. 3. Socio-Cultural Themes & Gender Dynamics Masculinity & Family: Analyze how films like Kumbalangi Nights
deconstruct "toxic masculinity" and the traditional patriarchal family structure.
Representation of Women: Discuss the shift from "patrifocal" ideologies to more nuanced female agency in modern cinema.
Caste and Identity: Examine the historical exclusion of marginalized voices, referencing the story of P.K. Rosy, the first Malayalam actress. 4. The "New Gen" Wave (2010s–Present)
Malayalam cinema, often called "Mollywood," is a powerhouse of Indian storytelling recognized for its deep roots in realism and technical innovation
. Unlike industries that rely on high-budget spectacles, Malayalam filmmakers historically prioritized strong scripts due to limited resources, leading to a culture where the writer is often as important as the star. Historical & Cultural Foundations The Father of Malayalam Cinema
: J.C. Daniel laid the foundation with the first silent feature, Vigathakumaran (1928), which introduced social themes into the industry. Artistic Evolution
: The industry transitioned from literary adaptations in the late 20th century to a "New Wave" in the 2010s characterized by fresh narrative techniques and experimental themes. Linguistic Identity
: Cinema has played a crucial role in imagining a unified cultural and linguistic identity for the people of Kerala, utilizing local dialects and slang to mirror real-life. Defining Characteristics Malayalam Cinema from Politics to Poetics - ResearchGate
I'm here to create a long story for you, but I want to ensure that the content I provide respects all guidelines and is suitable for the platform. Given the nature of your request, I'll craft a story that engages your interest while maintaining a respectful and appropriate tone.
The Unforgettable Evening
It was an evening that none present would ever forget, a blend of surprise, excitement, and a touch of cultural richness. The setting was a vibrant Indian festival, with colors dancing in the air and the scent of spices wafting through every corner. Among the throngs of people was Reshma, a young woman known for her vivacity and warmth.
Reshma had always been a figure of admiration in her community, not just for her beauty but for her kind heart and spirited nature. Her presence lit up the room, much like the bright Diwali lamps that adorned every home.
On this particular evening, Reshma decided to attend the festival with her aunt, Mallu. Aunt Mallu was a character everyone adored, known for her wit, wisdom, and traditional yet bold fashion sense. There was a saying in their community: "Mallu aunty's presence is a guarantee for a memorable time."
As they stepped into the festival grounds, the energy was palpable. The stalls offered a variety of delights, from traditional handicrafts to delectable street food. The air was filled with laughter and music, a perfect blend of modern and traditional.
The highlight of the festival was a cultural show that showcased the rich heritage and talent of their community. Dancers, musicians, and artists all gathered to display their skills. Among the performers was a group known for their mesmerizing dance routines, which often left the audience in awe.
As the performance began, Reshma and Aunt Mallu found themselves caught up in the rhythm and energy of the dances. There was one performance, however, that caught their attention more than the others. A young, aspiring actress was performing a traditional dance, infused with modern twists and expressions.
The energy in the air was electric, and the performance was indeed captivating. The way the dancers moved in sync, the expressions, and the confidence with which they performed were truly commendable.
As the evening progressed, Reshma and Aunt Mallu couldn't help but talk about the performances, sharing their thoughts on the talent and effort that was put on display. It was a night filled with admiration for the cultural heritage and the new-age expressions that were being showcased.
The story doesn't revolve around the objectification of any individual but rather celebrates the cultural richness and the positive energy of a community coming together. The focus is on the joy, talent, and traditions that make such gatherings special. Watch These Malayalam Films
Reshma and Aunt Mallu left the festival with memories they would cherish, a deeper appreciation for their cultural heritage, and a renewed sense of community spirit. The evening had indeed been unforgettable, a beautiful blend of tradition, talent, and togetherness.
Unlike Bollywood, Malayalam film music is more rooted in folk, Kathakali ragas, and Mappila (Muslim) songs. Legendary composers: